ISHIK2024
Title：Revisiting the History of Chinese Smallpox Vaccination Technique
発表者：牛亚华 （Yahua Niu）
所属：中国中医科学院中国史文献研究所, 北京 100700, 中国 （China Institute for History of Medicine and Medical Literature, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China）
キーワード：人痘接种术, 免疫, 以毒攻毒, 选苗, 鼻苗法
Keywords：Variolation, immunity, fighting poison with poison, selection of variolation material, nasal variolation method
要旨：
在中国医史学界,“以毒攻毒”被认为是发明人痘接种的思想基础,通过对相关痘疹文献整理可知,人痘接种的发明是在长期实践观察中,发现天花是自限性疾病, 药物治疗无效,人体对天花病毒终身免疫,因此想到通过人工患一次轻微天花以获得终身免疫。当时认为天花是由胎毒与外感交互作用引起,因此,用“引毒外出” 解释人痘接种的有效性,进一步证明与“以毒攻毒”并无关系。选苗是人痘接种的核心技术,由于明代已经对天花的病程与预后有正确的认识,奠定了人痘接种的技术基础。由于中国古代有十分丰富的经鼻给有的经验和技术,成就了颇具特色的鼻苗法。
Abstract：
In the field of the history of Chinese medicine, the concept of “fighting poison with poison” is considered the foundational idea behind the invention of variolation. Analysis of relevant smallpox literature reveals that the invention of variolation arose from long-term observations that smallpox is a self-limiting disease, with no effective drug treatment available, and that the human body acquires lifelong immunity to the smallpox virus. Therefore, the idea emerged to induce mild smallpox artificially to achieve lifelong immunity. At the time, smallpox was believed to be caused by the interaction of fetal poison und external pathogens, and thus “expelling the poison was used to explain the effectiveness of variolation, further proving it to be unrelated to the concept of “fighting poison with poison.” Selecting the right variolation material is the core technique of variolation. By the Ming Dynasty, there was a correct understanding of the course and prognosis of smallpox, laying the technical foundation for variolation. Additionally, the rich historical experience and techniques of nasal administration in ancient China led to the development of the distinctive nasal variolation method.